Which material is commonly used as fuel in a smoker?

Burlap or pine needles are commonly used as fuel in a smoker because they are natural, easily available materials that produce a good amount of smoke when burned. This smoke serves to calm the bees, making it easier for beekeepers to inspect hives without alarming the bees or causing them to become defensive.

Burlap, specifically, is often chosen because it burns slowly, generating consistent smoke that can be used throughout the beekeeping process. Pine needles also produce aromatic smoke and have been traditionally used by beekeepers due to their effectiveness in creating the right environment for managing bees.

In comparison, cardboard, while it can produce smoke, may burn too quickly and not provide the steady, enduring smoke that is beneficial during hive inspections. Wax paper is not suitable as it may create harmful fumes when burned and does not offer a long-lasting smoke source. Using plastic waste is entirely inappropriate as it releases toxic fumes that can be harmful to both bees and the beekeeper. Therefore, burlap or pine needles stand out as the most practical and effective options for smoker fuel in beekeeping.