Why do bees produce propolis?

Bees produce propolis primarily to seal gaps and make the hive sanitary. Propolis is a sticky resinous substance collected by bees from tree buds, sap flows, and other botanical sources. Once gathered, bees modify it with their enzymes, wax, and pollen, creating a material that has antimicrobial properties. This natural antibiotic helps reduce the growth of pathogens within the hive, creating a healthier environment for the colony.

In addition to its sanitizing properties, propolis is used to close off openings that could allow drafts or predators to enter the hive, ensuring that the bees maintain a stable internal environment. The sealing function of propolis also helps to regulate humidity and temperature, both vital for the survival and productivity of the hive.

While the other options may seem plausible on the surface, they do not accurately represent the primary function of propolis in bee behavior and hive management. For instance, bees do not use propolis to attract mates, store food, or construct new comb; those activities involve different materials and behaviors specific to the needs of the hive's functioning.